Carbon and credits
Double counting
Double counting is the same tonne of carbon being claimed more than once, by two buyers, by a company and the country it sits in, or by a landowner and the project operator. It destroys the arithmetic the entire market depends on.
It usually happens by accident, when a landowner counts restoration toward their own target and the operator sells the same removal, because nobody wrote down who held the right.
Settling that in writing before planting is cheaper than arguing about it after ten years of growth.